EUFIT '97 Proceedings

EUFIT ‘97 - 5th European Congress on Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing, September 08. - 11, 1997

Volume 1


1. Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory and Uncertainty Modelling
Fuzzy Preference Modelling: Recent Advances Janos C. Fodor	3

Fuzzy Quantities and Their Processing
On the Invariance of Classes of Shape Generators Radko Mesiar, Bernard De Baets, Milan Mares	10
Fuzzy Numbers and Distorted Probabilities Stanislaw Heilpern	15
On Robustness and Sensitivity of an Ordering Index Etienne E. Kerre, X. Wang	20
T-sum-idempotents Andrea Stupnanova	24

Fuzzy Systems Modelling
A Fractal Partitioning Algorithm (with Fuzzy Measures) for Optimization Linet Özdamar, Melek Demirhan, Sevket Ilker Birbil, Levent Helvacioglu	29
An Efficient Algorithm to Compute the Fuzzy Reasoning Masaaki Ohkita, Makota Ohki , H. Kobiki, Satoshi Kintoh, Mitsunori Araki	34
Fuzzy Knowledge-based Control of Discrete Event Dynamic Systems Frantisek Capkovic	39
Connectives in Fuzzy Logic
Universal Triangular Conorms Radko Mesiar	44
Recent Results on Triangular Norms: Limit Theorems and the Family of Nilpotent Ordinal Sums Sandor Jenei	48
Residual Operators of Representable Uninorms Bernard De Baets, Janos Fodor	52
Fuzzy Prolog with Neural Network Connectives Peter Vojtas, Gabriela Andrejkova	57

Uncertainty Modelling
Random Sets and Conditional Belief Functions Anna Slobodova	62
Fuzzy Reliability Analysis and Optimization of Algorithmic Processes Alexander Rotshtein, Sergei D. Shtovba	67
Decision Making Based on a Bayesian Belief Network Arkady N. Borisov, Clara Savchenko	72
A Possibilistic Interpretation of Extended Erasure Tsutomu Da-Te, Yasuo Kudo, Tetsuya Murai	77

Non-classical Measures
An Axiomatic Approach of Interaction in Multicriteria Decision Making Michel Grabisch, Marc Roubens	81
On Possibilistic Conditioning in Modal Logic Bernard De Baets, Veselka Boeva, Elena Tsiporkova-Hristoskova	86
Aggregating Decomposable Measures Janos C. Fodor	91

Mathematical Aspects of Fuzzy Set Theory
On Computing Kernels on L-valued Simple Graphs Raymond Bisdorff	97
Generalised Filters Mike H. Burton	104
Object Comparison Based on Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Integrals Dragan Radojevic, Davor Radenovic, Predrag Durdevic	108
Similarity Reasoning: Logical Grounds and Applications Lluis Godo, Francesc Esteva, Pere Garcia	113

Fuzzy Logic and Adaptive Human Interface
Human Action Learning with Fuzzy Modeling Hidetoshi Nonaka, Tsutomu Da-te	118
Fuzzy Sets and Measures by Semantic Fields in Modal Logic Germano Resconi, Tetsuya Murai, Roberta Rovetta, Masaru Shimbo	122
Trainable Freehand Curve Identifier with a Fuzzy Neural Network Sato Saga, Saori Mori	127
Fuzzy Clustering Model for Ordinal Similarity Mika Sato, Yoshiharu Sato	132

Semantics of Fuzzy Logic
On the Semantics of Uncertainty Logics Stephan Lehmke	137
On Model Theory in Fuzzy Logic in Broader Sende Vilem Novak, Irina Perfilieva	142
Intensional Fuzzy Approximation of a Class of Objects Sergei A. Orlovski	148
Well Formed Formulae of Fuzzy Logic I. Burhan Turksen	153
Fuzzy Rough Sets Versus Rough Fuzzy Sets - An Interpretation and a Comparative Study Using Concepts of Modal Logics Helmut Thiele	159

Application of Fuzzy Sets
The Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy Statistics Ping-Teng Chang, Liang-Chih Huang	168
A Fuzzy Approach for Designing IC Quality Predictable System Ling-Lang Tang	173
Probabilistic Fuzzy Inference Systems Ying Li	178
Radial Basis Function Neural Network in Fuzzy Regression E. Stanley Lee, Chi-Bin Cheng	183

Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing: Rough Sets in Data Mining
Application of Intelligent Decision Systems to the Perceptual Noise Reduction of Audio Signals Rafal Krolikowski, Andrzej Czyzewski	188
Sound Quality Assessment Based on the Rough Set Classifier Bozena Kostek	193
Graded Rough Sets Approximations Based on Nested Neighborhood Systems T. Y. Lin, Y.Y. Yao	196
Discretization Methods with Back-tracking Hung Son Nguyen, Sinh Hoa Nguyen	201
Rough Sets and Data Mining Wojciech Ziarko	206
Soft Techniques to Rule Discovery in Data Zhong Ning, Juzhen Dong, Setsuo Ohsuga	212

Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing: Foundations of Rough Sets
In Search of a Common Foundation for Rough Sets and Fuzzy Sets Mihir K. Chakraborty, Mohua Banerjee	218
Probabilistic Multivalued Random Variables - Belief Functions and Granular Computing Tsau Young Lin, Churn-Jung Liau	221
Bounds on Average Depth of Decision Trees Igor Chikalov, Mikhail Moshkov	226
Rough Analysis for Tree-Programs Mikhail Moshkov	231
Attribute Set Decomposition of Decision Tables Dominik Slezak	236

Hybrid Systems and Dynamics
Features Space Filtering with RBF Networks Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu, Cristian Bonciu	241
Fuzzy Control of Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation: A Dynamics Control Daniel Mlynek, Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu, Ioan Ropota, Cornelia Teodorescu, Radu Ciorap	246
A Charge-based Artificial Neural Network with On-Chip Learning Ability Alexandre Schmid, Yusuf Leblebici, Daniel Mlynek	250
A Systolic Accelerator for Fuzzy Operations in Combinatorial Algorithms Octav Brudaru, Vitalie Belous	255
Learning Algorithm with Prescribed Weights Dragos Arotaritei, Horia-Nicolai Teodorecu	261
Plausible Reasoning of JSM-type for Life and Social Sciences Argumentation Logics for Decision Making Victor K. Finn, Tamas Gergely	266
Plausible Reasoning and its Logics Victor K. Finn, Oleg M. Anshakov, Dmitry P. Skvortsov	270
Application of JSM-Theory of Plausible Reasoning to Social Data Analysis and Social Behavior Prediction Victor K. Finn, Maria A. Mikheyenkova	275
Stratified Logic Programs for JSM-type Plausible Reasoning Dmitrii W. Vinogradov	280
The Fuzzy Nature Of Concepts: Applications Megaklis Th. Sotiropoulos	284
On the Synchronization of Chaotic Systems by Fuzzificating Model Tomonori Nishikawa, Yoshitsugu Nakagawa, Masafumi Imai	289
Axiomatics and Numerical Interpretation of Qualitative Models Feodor Murzin, Vladimir Razumov, Victor Sizikov	294
A Fuzzy Approach in Designing Microstrip Line Tahir Ahmad, Z. Ghassemlooy, A. K. Ray	298
Self-Organizing Fuzzy Logic Identifier for Nonlinear Systems Seok-Yong Oh, Dong-Jo Park	302
Sobriety in FTS Arun Kumar Srivastava, Anuruddha S. Khastgir	307
Application of Possibility Theory for Ranking Probability Distributions Andrei G. Bronevitch, Alexander N. Karkishchenko	310
Pretopology and Theory of Possibilities Christiane Dujet, G. Athanaze, H. Emptoz	315
Conception of Multicoordinate Associative Synarchy Processing Medium (Synatron) for Fuzzy Systems Vadim V. Borisov	321
Extrapolation Truth Andrzej Piegat	324
Projections of Fuzzy Compositions Based on Aggregation Operators Miren I. Portilla, Pedro Burillo, M. Luisa Eraso	330
The Center of the Possibility Distribution in Fuzzy Regression Analysis Hamed Shakouri G., K.Y. Nikravesh, M.B. Menhaj	335
On Modeling Destructive Logical Type Systems Using Fodor Fuzzy Implication Ernest Czogala, J. Fodor, J. Leski	340
Techniques of Circuit Synthesis in Reed-Muller Logic Elena Zaitseva, V. Levashenko, A. Shakirin	345
On Fuzzy Confidence Intervals and Modelling of Random Variables Georg J. Sustal	350
The Behavior Model of Strategic Controlling Sergey V. Astanin	353


2. Neural Networks - Basics and Applications
Magnification in Neural Information Channel Maps Mark D. Plumbley	359

Neural Networks Basic Applications
An Advisory System for Anaemia Based on Boltzmann Machines Wim Wiegerinck, W.J.P.P. ter Burg, P.S. van Dam, Y.L. O, J.P. Neijt, H.J. Kappen	364
Using Neural Networks for the Analysis and Interpretation of Multivariate Medical MRI Images Willem J. Melssen, H. Witjes, G.J. Postma, L.M.C. Buydens	369
Evaluation of Clothing Comfort Using Neural Networks Kiyomi Sugai, Kazuo Kato, Jin-ichi Matsuda	375
Handling Unseen Data in a Neural License Plate Recognition System Jos A. G. Nijhuis, M. H. ter Brugge, K. Kok, L. Spaanenburg	380
Identification and Control of Non-Linear Processes Using Neural Networks Non Linear Systems Identification Using Fuzzy Neural Systems Juan Lopez Coronado, M.J. Arauzo Bravo, Y.A. Dimitriadis, Jose Manuel Cano Izquierdo	384
Neurocontrol of Continuous Processes through Reinforcement Learning Ricardo Valverde Gil, Miguel A. Salichs	389
Coevolutionary Computation for Path Planning Jan Paredis, Ronald Westra	394
Non Linear Processes Adaptive Control Using Fuzzy Neural Systems Juan Lopez Coronado, M.J. Arauzo Bravo, Y.A. Dimitriadis, Jose Manuel Cano Izquierdo	399

Neural Networks Applications I
Probablistic Neural Network Application to Engine Testing Bruce D. Bryant, Kenneth Marko	404
Neural Networks for Systems Security Carlos Maraval Lozano, Francisco Lopez, Javier Lopez, Lucia Pino, Gonzalo Ramos	410
Finding Optimum Focal Point Position with Neural Networks in CO2 Laser Welding Hui Gong, Flemming O. Olsen	414
Supervised Neural Process Models for Control of Flat Film Extrusion Systems Stefan Markus Baginski, H. D. Kochs	418
Design of Self-Tuning Controllers Using Neural Networks Stephan Strelen, Bernd Freisleben	424

Wavelet Neural Network
Designing Wavelet Networks Using Genetic Algorithms Kunikazu Kobayashi, Toyoshi Torioka	429
Separating Order from Disorder in a Stock Index Using Wavelet Neural Networks Javier Echauz, George Vachtsevanos	434
Solving Differential Equation by Using Wavelet Network with Convex Wavelets Eiji Uchino, Takashi Samatsu, Takeshi Yamakawa	438
Wavelet Networks for EEG-Analysis Christoph Herrmann, Hovagim Bakardjian	443

Neural Networks Applications II
The Appraisal of the Hedonic Prices with Neural Network Models. An Alternative Approach to the Multiple Regression Analysis Raimondo Amabile, Vincenzo Del Giudice	448
FLANN-Based Identification of Nonlinear Systems Jagdish C. Patra, Ranendra N. Pal, B. N. Chatterji	454
The Application of Neural Networks to Adaptive Channel Equalisation: A Comparison between Localised and Non-localised Basis Functions John Greene, Avron Olshewsky	459
A Neural Network Approach to Solve the Maximum Clique Problem Nancy Lopez Reyes, Roberto Cruz Rodes	465
Filtering Ground Reflection with Neural Networks Jani Lahnajärvi, Mikko Lethokangas, Jukka Saarinen	470

Neural Networks in Classification
Novel Cost Functions For Neural Classifiers Adriana Dumitras, Cristian Munteanu, Vasile Lazarescu	475
A Single-Neuron Weighting Technique for Classifiers Bernardo Kastrup, J.M. Seixas	480
Artificial Neural Network as a Classifier of Musical Instrument Sounds Rafal Krolikowski, B. Kostek	485
Improving Convergence of MLP with MC Initialization in Speech Recognition Application Petri Salmela, Mikko Lehtokangas, Jukka Saarinen	490
Pattern-Recognition in Gas Sensor Applications Employing Hierarchical Feature Selection Algorithms for Neural Classifiers Thorsten Rühl, D. Kohl, G. Bläser	495

Neural Networks
A Stopping Criterion for a Modified Neocognitron with Unsupervised Learning Based on Similarity Measure Yau Chong Lau, Daniel S. Yeung	500
Adaptive Time Delay Neural Networks with Adaptive Gain Luis Fernando de Mingo Lopez, J. Castellanos, V. Gimenez, J. Rios	505
Recursive Certainty Neurons and an Experimental Study of Their Dynamical Behaviour Athanasios K. Tsadiras, Konstantinos G. Margaritis	510
Fluid Neural Network Based Adaptive Routing Algorithm Ma Yuxiang, Zhou Xianfeng, Ma Fulong, Bo Hua	516

New Application of Neural Networks - The Micromechanics
Micromechanics as a New Area of Neural Network Applications Ernst M. Kussul	521
Adaptive Control System for the Fully Automated Micromechanical Factory: The Problems and Possibble Neural Network Solutions Ernst M. Kussul, Dmitri A. Rachkovskij, Sergey Y. Artykutsa, Alexander M. Kasatkin, Lora M. Kasatkina, Vladimir V. Lukovich, Semion A. Talayev	524
Adaptive Critic Design for Optimization of Micromechanical Factory Neural Control Systems Ernst M. Kussul, Natalia N. Kussul, Donald C. Wunsch	528
Neural Network Classifiers for Micromechanical Equipment Diagnostics and Micromechanical Product Quality Inspection Vladimir V. Lukovich, Alexander D. Goltsev, Dmitri A. Rachkovskij, Sergey N. Simorov	534
Efficient Representation of Data Density by a Neural Net Boris Igelnik, Yoh-Han Pao, Steven R. LeClair	537
Recalling Dot Character Images Using Boltzmann Machine and Continuous Hopfield Neural Networks Masahide Yoneyama, Motoi Yamagiwa, Ken'ichiro Yuasa, Hidefumi Sawai	542
Artificial Neural Network Aided Coordination of Directional Relays in Multi-Loop Power Systems Mohsen Nayebzadeh	547
Artifical Neural Networks Oriented for the Chemical Structure-Property Relationship Modelling Nikolai S. Zefirov, Igor I. Baskin, Vladimir A. Palyulin, Natalya M. Halberstam	552
A Tool for Functions Approximation by Neural Networks Carlos Maraval Lozano, Lucia Pino, Javier Lopez, Francisco Lopez	557
Neural Networks for Load-Frequency Control Mohammad Bagher Menhaj, A. Doroudi	565
Fuzzy Models Identification and Tuning Using Genetic Algorithms and Neural Network Miroslav Pokorny, Petr Cermak, Pavel Osmera, Ivan Simonik	570
An Unified Learning Paradigm for Multilayer Perceptron Training with Gradient Descent Ewald Krämer, Klaus Köhler	574
Analysis and an Escape Method of Standstill in Training Caused by Balancing on the Back Propagation Algorithm Hiroyuki Taguchi, Akira Taguchi, Nobukazu Iijima, Mototaka Sone	578
Stable Lattice Filters with Anti Hebbian Neural Networks Mohammad Bagher Menhaj, M. Fakhraee	583
Neural Networks Based Adaptive Backthrough Control Vojislav Kecman, Thorsten Rommel	587
Adaptive Equalization of Binary Data Bursts Using Neural Networks Arto Kantsila, Mikko Lethokangas, Jukka Saarinen	593
Improved Setting of Reference Vectors in Kohonen's Maps Marcel Jirina	598
Pattern Error Equality Learning of Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm Hikoyuki Kawata, Akira Tagushi, Mototaka Sone	603
Kohonen Map and Fuzzy Kohonen Clustering Network for Process Supervision Adolf Grauel, G. Klene, L. A. Ludwig	608
Autogenerative Nodal Memory (ANM) Based Autonomously Responsive System Experiment Description and Current Results Frank A. Monaco	613
Speed-up of Learning in Higher Order Feedforward Neural Networks: An Analytical Approach Jan Wilk, Eva Wilk, Bodo Morgenstern	618
Control of Nonlinear Multivariable Systems Using Neural Networks Michael Häck, D. Schöneberger, M. Köhne	623
A Robust Technique For Curve Fitting Using Single Layer Perceptrons Aditya Shastri, Ashutosh Saxena	629

3. Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computing

Evolutionary Computation
Principles of Evolutionary Computation Thomas Bäck	637
Evolutionary Optimization Based on Subjective Selection - Evolving Blends of Coffee Michael Herdy	640
Derandomization of Genetic Algorithms Ralf Salomon	645
Convergence Properties of Evolution Strategies with the Derandomized Covariance Matrix Adaptation Nikolaus Hansen, Andreas Ostermeier	650

Fuzzy Rule Based Systems and Genetic Algorithms
Fuzzy Fitness Functions Based on Subjective Preferences Behnam Azvine, K.C. Tsui	655
A Fuzzy Logic Based Design for Adaptive Genetic Algorithms Besoa Rabenasolo, Xianyi Zeng	660
Speeding up the Search Process of Genetic Algorithm by Fuzzy Logic Ping Yang Wang, G. S. Wang, Z. G. Hu	665

Evolutionary and Adaptive Computation for Design
Evolutionary Decomposition of Fixed-length Preliminary Design Hierarchies Ian C. Parmee, K. Chen	672
Evolutionary and Adaptive Strategies for Conceptual Design Exploration Martin A. Beck, Ian C. Parmee	677
An Improved Genetic Programming Strategy for Preliminary Design Model Development Andrew H. Watson, Ian C. Parmee	682
An Injection Island GA for Flywheel Design Optimization Erik D. Goodman, David Eby, R.C. Averill, Boris Gelfand, William F. Punch, Owen Mathews	687

Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems
Fuzzy Transfer Functions: Definition and Application to the Evolutionary Design of a Robust Fuzzy Controller Emmanuel Huyghe	692
A Genetic Algorithm with Modified Bit-selection Probability for Optimizing the Fuzzy Reasoning Masaaki Ohkita, Makoto Ohki , Toshiaki Shikata, Toshiaki Moriyama	694
A Specialized Evolutionary Method for the Creation of Fuzzy Controllers Stefan Wagner	699
Genetic Algorithms in Fuzzy Clustering Multidimensional Encoding Ileana Stan, Adina Dumitrescu, D. Dumitrescu	705

Application of Evolutionary and Growth Algorithms in Intelligent Systems Design
Application of Evolutionary and Growth Algorithms in Waste Sorting Hans-Michael Voigt, Jan Matti Lange	709
Application of Evolutionary Algorithms in Space Engineering Marcello Melis, Domenico De Martino	713

Management Applications of Evolutionary Computation
A Hybrid Optimization Algorithm for Energy Consumption Management at a Motor Plant Bogdan Filipic	717
THOR-Net-Based Induction of Implicit Cooperation of Genetic Planning Algorithms Helmut Boll	722
Combining Evolutionary Computing Techniques to Find Credible Qualitative Descriptions of the Demand-Side of Markets Scott Moss, Bruce Edmonds, Helen Gaylard	727
Sales Territory Alignment with Genetic Algorithms Matthias Meyer	732

Genetic Algorithms and IE/OR Problems
Allocation Strategy for Distributed Database System with Fuzzy Data Using Genetic Algorithm Mitsuo Gen, Yasuhiro Tsujimura, Sucbum Ko	737
Solving Multiobjective Chance-constrained Solid Transportation Problem by Evolutionary Computation Kenichi Ida, Mitsuo Gen, Yin-Zhen Li	743
Designing Independent Manufacturing Cells Using Genetic Algorithm Mitsuo Gen, Janghyung Kim, Junghee Lee, Chiung Moon	748
GA-based Method for Optimal Weight Design Problem with a Double Coil Spring Takao Yokota, Takeaki Taguchi, Mitsuo Gen	753

Genetic Algorithms for System Identification and Control
Adaptive Genetic Programming for System Identification Andreas Bastian	759
On-line System Identification Using the Modified Genetic Algorithm Andre Neubauer	764
Genetic Algorithms vs. Classical Search Techniques for Identification of Fuzzy Models Antoni Jerez, Angela Nebot	769
Fuzzy Model Identification based on a Genetic Algorithm and Optimization Techniques Jens Jäkel	774

Evolutionary Computing in Scheduling and Layout Planning
A Genetic Algorithm for Short Term Scheduling in Batch Fine Chemistry Plants Luc Pibouleau, P. Baudet, C. Azzaro-Pantel, S. Domenech, P. Floquet	779
Optimization of Flow-Shop Problems using Evolutionary Algorithms - A Case Study Peter Wilke, Matthias Zobel	783
(R)Evolution in Layout-Planning: A New Hybrid Genetic Algorithms to Generate Optimal Aisles in a Facility Layout Knut Alicke, Dieter Arnold, Volker Dörrsam	788
On Mapping a Circuit onto a Computer Architecture Using Genetic Algorithms Kamal Kant Bharadwaj, Norian Marranghello	794

Genetic Algorithms
A Genetic-Based Adaptive Hillclimber Mark D. Plumbley, Kwok Ching Tsui	799
Hierarchical Model Partitioning for Parallel VLSI-Simulation Using Evolutionary Algorithms Improved by Superpositions of Partitions Reiner Haupt, K. Hering, U. Petri, Th. Villmann	804
A Genetic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem with Precedence Constraints Keon-Myung Lee, Kyung-Mi Lee, Takeshi Yamakawa	809
Applications of GA with Local Improvement of Chromosomes for the Design of EHW Architectures Mircea Gh. Negoita, A. H. Dedui, D. Mihaila	814
Exploring the Use of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms for Reducing Traffic Generated Urban Air and Noise Pollution Palle Haastrup, Angela Guimaraes Pereira	819
Using a Genetic Algorithm for Optimizing the Functional Decomposition of Multiple-Valued Functions Evgeny Kochergov, N. Strechen, Tatiana Kalganova	826
Solving the TSP Problem with a New Model in Evolutionary Computation Pierre A. I. Wijkman	831
Research of Pareto Set by Genetic Algorithm, Application to Multicriteria Optimization of Fuzzy Controler Louis Gacogne	837
Self-Organization in Coevolutionary Multi-Agent Systems Franciszek Seredynski	846
An Application of Genetic Algorithms for PI/PID Controllers Design of a Servo Drive Renato A. Krohling	851
Generative Policies in Ant Systems Urszula Boryczka, Mariusz Boryczka	857
Synthesis of PID Controller for Disturbance Rejection: A Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm Approach Renato A. Krohling	862




	- EUFIT '97 -

EUFIT ‘97 - 5th European Congress on Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing, September 08. - 11, 1997

Table of Contents

Volume 1

1. Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory and Uncertainty Modelling

Fuzzy Quantities and Their Processing

Fuzzy Systems Modelling

Connectives in Fuzzy Logic

Uncertainty Modelling

Non-classical Measures

Mathematical Aspects of Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy Logic and Adaptive Human Interface

Semantics of Fuzzy Logic

Application of Fuzzy Sets

Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing: Rough Sets in Data Mining

Intelligent Techniques and Soft Computing: Foundations of Rough Sets

Hybrid Systems and Dynamics

Plausible Reasoning of JSM-type for Life and Social Sciences

2. Neural Networks - Basics and Applications

Neural Networks Basic Applications

Neural Networks Applications I

Wavelet Neural Network

Neural Networks Applications II

Neural Networks in Classification

Neural Networks

New Application of Neural Networks - The Micromechanics

3. Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computing

Evolutionary Computation

Fuzzy Rule Based Systems and Genetic Algorithms

Evolutionary and Adaptive Computation for Design

Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems

Application of Evolutionary and Growth Algorithms in Intelligent Systems Design

Management Applications of Evolutionary Computation

Genetic Algorithms and IE/OR Problems

Genetic Algorithms for System Identification and Control

Evolutionary Computing in Scheduling and Layout Planning

Genetic Algorithms