Integrated Control and CPU Scheduling

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Author Index
A B C D E F G H I
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An Introduction to Control and Scheduling Co-Design

Authors:

Karl-Erik Arzen, Anton Cervin, Johan Eker, Lui Sha,

Volume: 1, Page 4865 Paper number 4301

Abstract:

The paper presents the emerging field of integrated control and CPU-time scheduling, where more general scheduling models and methods that better suit the needs of control systems are developed. This creates possibilities for dynamic and flexible integrated control and scheduling frameworks, where the control design methodology takes the availability of computing resources into account during design and allows on-line trade-offs between control performance and computing resource utilization.

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Feedback Scheduling of Control Tasks

Authors:

Anton Cervin, Johan Eker,

Volume: 1, Page 4871 Paper number 4302

Abstract:

The paper presents a feedback scheduling mechanism in the context of co-design of the scheduler and the control tasks. We are particularly interested in controllers where the execution time may change abruptly between different modes, such as in hybrid controllers. The proposed solution attempts to keep the CPU utilization at a high level, avoid overload, and distribute the computing resources evenly among the tasks. The feedback scheduler is implemented as a periodic or sporadic task that assigns sampling periods to the controllers based on execution-time measurements. The controllers may also communicate feedforward mode-change information to the scheduler. As an example, we consider hybrid control of a set of double-tank processes. The system is evaluated, from both scheduling and control performance perspectives, by co-simulation of controllers, scheduler, and tanks.

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Online Control Optimization Using Load Driven Scheduling

Authors:

Lui Sha, Xue Liu, Marco Caccamo, Giorgio Buttazzo,

Volume: 1, Page 4877 Paper number 4303

Abstract:

In many real-time control applications, the task periods are typically fixed and worst-case execution times are used in schedulability analysis. With the advancement of robotics, flexible visual sensing using cameras becomes a popular alternative to the use of embedded sensors. Unfortunately, the execution time of visual tracking varies greatly. In this paper, we integrate load driven online scheduling with direct digital designs to optimize control performance as a function of varying workload.

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Adaptive Rate Control Through Elastic Scheduling

Authors:

Giorgio Buttazzo, Luca Abeni,

Volume: 1, Page 4883 Paper number 4304

Abstract:

In real-time computing systems, timing constraints imposed on application tasks are typically guaranteed off line using schedulability tests based on fixed parameters and worst-case execution times. However, a precise estimation of tasks' computation times is very hard to achieve, due to the non deterministic behavior of several low-level processor mechanisms, such as caching, prefetching, and DMA data transfer. The disadvantage of relying the guarantee test on a priori estimates is that an underestimation of computation times may jeopardize the correct behavior of the system, whereas an overestimation will certainly waste system resources and causes a performance degradation. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for automatically adapting the rates of a periodic task set without forcing the programmer to provide a priori estimates of tasks' computation times. Actual executions are monitored by a runtime mechanism and used as feedback signals for predicting the actual load and achieving rate adaptation. Load balancing is performed using an elastic task model, according to which tasks utilizations are treated as springs with given elastic coefficients.

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RT Control Scheduling To Reduce Control Performance Degrading

Authors:

Pedro Albertos, Alfons Crespo, Ismael Ripoll, Marina Vallés, Patricia Balbastre,

Volume: 1, Page 4889 Paper number 4305

Abstract:

In the framework of RT digital control, two fundamental parameters are defined, the control effort and the control action interval. The first one is related to the strength of the control that, due to the intersampling open-loop control, determines the degrading of performances under unexpected delays. The second one refers to the unavoidable delays in the multitasking environment due to interactions among the tasks. As a consequence, the scheduling policy should consider not only the tasks delays but also their influence in the control loop behavior, being calculated to minimize the overall degrading of performances.

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